IAM (Identity and Access Management): Definition, Core Features, and Role in Security

IAM (Identity and Access Management) is a framework of technologies, policies, and processes used to manage digital identities and control user access to systems, applications, and data. IAM ensures that only authenticated and authorized users can access specific resources — supporting security, compliance, and operational efficiency.

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Why IAM Matters

Modern organizations rely on distributed systems, cloud platforms, remote work, and SaaS environments. IAM provides centralized control over who can access what — reducing security risks, preventing unauthorized access, and supporting compliance with industry regulations.

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Core Characteristics of IAM

Authentication

Confirms that a user or device is who they claim to be. Methods include:
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• Passwords
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• Biometrics
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• OTPs
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• Multi-factor authentication (MFA)
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Authorization

Defines and enforces what authenticated users are allowed to do — aligned with role-based, policy-based, or attribute-based access control models.

User Lifecycle Management

Covers identity creation, modification, suspension, and removal — ensuring access evolves with a user’s role and is revoked when no longer needed.

Single Sign-On (SSO)

Allows users to log in once and securely access multiple systems without repeated authentication prompts.

Audit and Compliance

Tracks access activity and enforces policy standards to meet governance frameworks such as GDPR, HIPAA, ISO 27001, SOC 2, or PCI DSS.

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Key IAM Functions

Digital Identity Creation

Defines identity attributes and assigns unique identifiers to users, applications, or devices.

Identity Storage

Securely stores and protects identity information using encryption, hashing, and access controls.

Access Governance

Ensures access rights follow least privilege and are regularly reviewed, approved, and certified.

Identity Federation

Links identity data across applications and platforms using standards like SAML, OAuth, or OpenID Connect to support seamless cross-system access.

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Example Use Case

A global organization uses IAM to enable secure employee login using Single Sign-On with MFA. When a role changes or an employee leaves, IAM automatically adjusts or revokes access across all systems.

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Related Terms

• Cybersecurity
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• RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
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• OAuth